debugging

Technology-neutral systematic debugging - reproducing first, minimal repros, hypothesis-driven investigation, bisecting history and inputs, reading errors and stack traces, checking recent changes, observing with logs, debuggers, and tracing rather than guessing, isolating variables, fixing root causes, regression tests, documenting findings, time-boxing and escalation, heisenbugs and race conditions, and debugging production safely. Load when investigating a bug, failing test, crash, flaky behaviour, or production incident.