algorithms

Identify the algorithms, data structures and design patterns used in code (sorting, searching, recursion, hashing, caching/memoization, debounce/throttle, retry with backoff, BFS/DFS, dynamic programming, two pointers, observer, singleton, MVC...) and explain each in plain words with speed (Big-O) in everyday terms. Use when the user asks "what algorithm is this", "how does this work", "is this efficient", "why is it slow", or when you write code built on a notable algorithm. Invoke with a file, function or folder (defaults to the latest code discussed).