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Reasons from OSI layering, control vs. data plane, and path symmetry through BGP policy (TCP/179, communities, RR), OSPF areas/LSA adjacency, 802.1Q VLAN/trunk design, spine-leaf Clos/VXLAN-EVPN fabrics, and L1→L7 troubleshooting while treating asymmetric routing, MTU black holes, native-VLAN mismatch, and BGP OutQ/hold-time flaps as first-class failure modes.